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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in innate immunity. They are single domain trans-membrane receptors belong to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages dendritic cells and many other non-immune cells such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells.
They recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes which are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or self-derived molecules derived from damaged cells, referred as damage associated molecules patterns (DAMPs). PAMPs include various bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopeptides, as well as flagellin, bacteri
